The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolutio - Isaacson Walter - Страница 148

creativity of, 486–87

headquarters of, 139, 481

Jobs ousted from, 411, 485

lawsuits of, 112

Microsoft’s contract with, 367–69

patents of, 483

Apple I, 352

Apple II, 353, 354, 355–56, 364, 388

AppleLink, 398–99

Apple Writer, 356

Applied Minds, 472

Aristotle, 485–86

Armstrong, Neil, 182

ARPA, 228–29, 230, 231–32, 234–35, 256, 258, 289, 385

funding for, 235–37

ARPANET, 208, 221, 235–37, 246, 250–61, 287, 383, 384, 385, 402, 481, 482

bids on minicomputers for, 251–52

connected to Internet, 258–59

distributed network of, 250, 253

first four nodes of, 252–53, 416

military defense and, 247–51

start of, 255–56

ARPANET News, 261

arsenic, 135

artificial intelligence, 4–5, 122, 226, 284, 285, 455, 468, 470–71

human-machine interaction and, 275, 474–79

as mirage, 468, 469, 474

video games and, 211

Artificial Intelligence Lab, 202–3

Asimov, Isaac, 393

assembly code, 322

assembly line, 20, 32–33

Association for Computing Machinery, 84n

“As We May Think” (Bush), 263, 273, 274, 276, 416, 446, 465, 475

Atanasoff, John Vincent, 54–62, 57, 65–70, 74, 81, 134, 365, 481

influence of, 82, 85

Atanasoff, Lura, 66

Atanasoff-Berry computer, 75

AT&T, 132, 153, 240, 241, 242, 386–87

Atari, 211–15, 265, 329, 347–48, 350, 396

founding of, 210

Atari 800, 356

Atkinson, Bill, 365, 434

Atlantic, 263, 273

atom bomb, 95, 219

Atomic Energy Commission, 120

atomic power, 72

ATS-3 satellite, 271

Augmentation Research Center, 221, 278, 285

augmented intelligence, 274

“Augmenting Human Intellect” (Engelbart), 275, 475–76

Auletta, Ken, 451

Autobiography (Franklin), 378

automata, 19

Automatic Computing Engine (ACE), 120, 242

automobile industry, 183

Aydelotte, Frank, 120

Baba, Neem Karoli, 388

Babbage, Charles, 6, 18–19, 38, 39, 46, 50, 52, 56, 61, 89, 120, 134, 416, 480, 484

Ada’s first meeting with, 7–8

government attack published by, 30

limits of Analytical Engine mistaken by, 27

logarithm machine considered by, 19, 20

Lovelace given credit by, 25

Lovelace’s Analytic Engine business plan and, 30–32

programming as conceptual leap of, 33

weekly salons of, 8, 14–15, 18

Babbage, Henry, 50

BackRub, 458

Baer, Ralph, 215

Baidu, 461

ballistic missiles, 169, 181

Ballmer, Steve, 331–32, 357, 360, 453

Bally Midway, 211, 212, 215

Baran, Paul, 237, 238, 239, 240–41, 242, 245, 246, 260

packet-switching suggested by, 247

Bardeen, John, 130, 132, 145, 160, 173, 211, 480

in dispute with Shockley, 145–49, 152–53, 163

Nobel Prize won by, 164

photovoltaic effect studied by, 142–44

solid-state studied by, 140–41

surface states studied by, 142

Barger, John, 427

Bartik, Jean Jennings, see Jennings, Jean

BASIC, 316–17, 323, 325, 339, 357, 360, 370, 374, 452

for Altair, 332–36, 337, 340–43, 378

batch processing, 224

BBC, 128

Beatles, 310–11

Bechtolsheim, Andy, 463–64

Beckman, Arnold, 154–55, 165, 166

Beckman Instruments, 155

Bell, Alexander Graham, 132, 145, 477

Bell & Howell, 283

Bell Labs, 40, 47–50, 53, 61, 68, 80, 82, 101, 104, 106, 110, 122, 130, 131–34, 157, 172, 189, 221, 286, 480, 482

founding of, 132–33

Murray Hill headquarters of, 138–39

patents licensed by, 149–50

solid-state physics at, 134, 135–36, 138–41

transistor invented at, 131, 227, 414, 485

Bell System, 265

Benkler, Yochai, 444–45, 483

Berkeley Barb, 300, 301

Berners-Lee, Tim, 404, 405–14, 433, 446, 456, 474, 483

background of, 406–8

and creation of browsers, 414–18

hypertext created by, 410–11

and micropayments, 420–21

religious views of, 413–14

Bernoulli, Jacob, 27n

Bernoulli numbers, 25, 27–29, 31, 45, 107

Berry, Clifford, 59, 61

Beyer, Kurt, 91, 93

Bezos, Jeff, 464

audaciousness celebrated by, 163

Bhatnagar, Ranjit, 423

Big Brother and the Holding Company, 270, 297

Bilas, Frances, 86, 97–98

Bilton, Nick, 479

Bina, Eric, 416, 417

binary, 38–39, 49, 50, 54

in code, 76

in German codes, 78

on Z1, 53

Bitcoin, 421n

bitmapping, 364–65

Bletchley Park, 76–79, 81, 84, 94, 110, 120, 122

Blitzer, Wolf, 402–3

Bloch, Richard, 92–93, 104, 105

Blogger, 428–33, 479–80

Blogger Pro, 432

blogs, 423–33

coining of term, 427

McCarthy’s predictions of, 285–86

Blue, Al, 252

Blue Box, 346–47, 351

Board of Patent Interferences, 178

Bohr, Niels, 134

Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN), 221, 227, 237, 245, 252, 255, 256, 258, 385

bombe, 78

BOMIS, 437, 440

Bonneville Power Administration, 327–28

Boole, George, 48, 49

Boolean algebra, 49, 54, 58, 123, 344

Borgia, Cesare, 72

boron, 135

Bowers, Ann, 193

brains, 469, 472–73

Braiterman, Andy, 329–30, 331

Braithwaite, Richard, 128

Brand, Lois, 296

Brand, Stewart, 262, 268–72, 278, 279, 280–81, 288, 295–96, 297, 382, 387–89

Brattain, Walter, 130, 132, 134, 137–38, 173, 211, 480

in dispute with Shockley, 145–49, 152–53, 163

Nobel Prize won by, 164

photovoltaic effect studied by, 142–44

solid-state studied by, 139–41

in World War II, 138, 139

Brautigan, Richard, 9, 267, 475

Breakout, 348, 350

Bricklin, Dan, 354–55, 370, 431, 435

Brilliant, Larry, 382, 388–89

Brin, Sergey, 435, 451–55, 458

Google founded by, 458, 460, 462–64

PageRank and, 458–62

personality of, 454

Bristow, Steve, 215

British Association for the Advancement of Science, 484

Brookhaven National Lab, 203, 215

Brown, Ralph, 149–50

browsers, 414–18

bugs, 93–94

Bulletin Board System, 385–86

Burks, Arthur, 118

“Burning Chrome” (Gibson), 384

Burns, James MacGregor, 394

Bush, Vannevar, 7, 34, 37–38, 47, 49, 68, 156, 217–18, 252, 269, 409, 446, 474, 475, 480, 482, 486

background of, 218

computers augmenting human intelligence foreseen by, 263, 273, 274, 276, 363, 384, 401, 416, 446, 465, 475

linear model of innovation and, 220–21

personal computer envisioned by, 263–64, 273, 274, 276

technology promoted by, 218–20, 228

Bushnell, Nolan, 200, 207–10, 211, 212, 215, 347–48

venture capital raised by, 214

Busicom, 196–97

Byrds, 152

Byron, George Gordon, Lord, 7, 9–13, 29, 32, 468

incest of, 10–11, 16

Luddites defended by, 9, 14, 487

portrait of, 6, 12, 15–16

Byron, Lady (Annabella Milbanke), 7, 8, 10–13, 15, 32

Cailliau, Robert, 412–13, 415

Caine Mutiny, The, 165

calculating machines:

of Leibniz, 20

of Pascal, 19–20, 22

calculators, pocket, 182–83, 196, 297

calculus, 17, 37

notation of, 19

California, University of, at Santa Barbara, 252–53

Call, Charles, 82–83

Caltech, 154, 267

CamelCase, 436

capacitors, 58

CapitalLetters, 436

Carey, Frank, 356

Carlyle, Thomas, 2

Cary, Frank, 361

Case, Dan, 393–94, 396

Case, Steve, 382, 394–96, 397, 399, 401

background of, 394

Cathedral and the Bazaar, The (Raymond), 377, 438

cathode-ray tubs, 119

Catmull, Ed, 208

Caufield, Frank, 393, 396

CBS, 109, 116–17, 298–99