The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolutio - Isaacson Walter - Страница 154

Tom Swift Terminal, 303

Tools for Conviviality (Illich), 302–3

TOPS-10, 321

Torborg, Jeff, 445

Torvalds, Linus, 349, 373–79, 380

traffic jams, 244

Traf-O-Data, 326–27, 329, 332, 333

transistors, 3, 48, 131–69, 174–76, 184, 243, 406, 480, 502–3

on ballistic missiles, 169

invention of, 131, 144–45, 150, 227, 414, 485

licensing fee for, 149–50

name coined for, 148

press conference for, 148–49

price of, 151, 184

production of, 150

for radios, 149–52

Shockley’s taking credit for, 145–49, 177

Transmission Control Protocol, 259

Trellix, 431

Triplanetary (Smith), 204n

Tri-Pos (Minskytron), 205, 206

Trips Festival, 269–71, 273, 278, 388

Truman, Harry, 219, 220, 263n

“Tube Relay and Techniques of Its Switching, The” (Schreyer), 54

Tuck, Hugh, 209–10, 215

Turing, Alan, 34, 40–47, 92, 101, 119

Bletchley Park code-breaking by, 77–78

Colossus and, 76

death of, 129, 500

on general-purpose computers, 87, 326–27, 406

homosexuality of, 41, 46, 128–29

influence of, 82, 84

spartan existence of, 102–3

stored-program computer of, 120, 242

on thinking machines, 29, 42, 122–29, 468, 485

Turing, John, 40

“Turingery,” 78–79

Turing Machine (Logical Computing Machine), 44–46, 47

Turing’s Cathedral (Dyson), 120

Turing Test, 124–28, 478

Watson and, 470

Turner, Ted, 391

Twitter, 433, 479–80, 485

2001: A Space Odyssey, 311, 468, 477

TX-2, 243

U-2 planes, 155

UCLA, 253, 255–56, 259

Ulam, Stanislaw, 113

Uniform Resource Locators, 411

Unisys, 116

Unitarian Universalist Church, 413–14

UNIVAC, 109, 116, 238, 274

UNIX, 372, 374, 375, 381, 389, 414

untyped lambda calculus, 46

uranium-235, 103

USCO, 269

Usenet, 386, 422

“Use of High Speed Vacuum Tube Devices for Calculating, The” (Mauchly), 73

vacuum tubes, 39, 48, 56, 58, 60, 61, 64–65, 73, 75, 79, 94, 133, 135

Shockley’s search for replacement for, 137, 141–45

Vail, Theodore, 132

Valentine, Don, 214n

Veblen, Oswald, 73–74, 120

Venrock Associates, 186

venture capital, 185–88, 189, 213–14

video games, 200, 201–15, 393

artificial intelligence and, 11

Vietnam War, 248, 278, 295, 299, 329, 397

Vinge, Vernor, 474

Virtual Community, The (Rheingold), 425

VisiCalc, 354, 355–56, 431

Vitruvian Man, 474

von Meister, William Ferdinand, 382, 390–94, 396, 397

von Neumann, John, 42, 46, 64, 77, 92, 101–5, 109, 110, 111–12, 118, 119, 134, 269

AI work of, 469, 472

atomic bomb work of, 103–4

death of, 104n

Goldstine’s first meeting with, 105–6

singularity coined by, 474

on stored memory, 110–11

stored-program computer work of, 105, 110–11, 120, 478

von Neumann, Klara, 119, 120

von Neumann, Nicholas, 102

Waldrop, Mitchell, 223

Wales, Ada, 446

Wales, Jimmy, 379, 435, 436–41, 442–44, 445–46

Wall Street Journal, 167, 363

Wang, 356

War Department, U.S., 68, 73, 115

Warnock, John, 208

Washington, George, 481

Washington Post, 172, 392

Watson (computer), 470–71, 475, 476–77, 486

Watson, Dr. John (char.), 477

Watson, Thomas (Bell’s assistant), 132, 477

Watson, Thomas, Jr. (IBM chief), 151

Watson, Thomas, Sr. (IBM founder), 477

Wavy Gravy, 388

Wayne, Ron, 348

weather patterns, 95

weather predictions, 115

weaving looms, 14, 21, 23, 26, 33, 35

WebCrawler, 227

Weiland, Ric, 318–19, 323

WELL, 302, 388, 389–90, 421, 422, 426

Wellington, Duke of, 7, 8

Wells Fargo, 213

Wescoff, Marlyn, 97–98

Westinghouse, 155, 181, 265

WhatsApp, 485

What the Dormouse Said (Markoff), 267, 281, 341n

Whitney, John Hay “Jock,” 186

Whole Earth Catalog (Brand), 265, 271–72, 278, 280, 297, 303, 388, 389, 408

Whole Earth communalists, 265, 294, 295, 297, 305, 309

Who Owns the Future? (Lanier), 419

Wiener, Norbert, 64, 223, 226, 243, 267, 269, 272

Wiesner, Jerome, 217–18, 219

WiFi, 387n

Wigner, Eugene, 140

Wikipedia, 264, 302, 379, 381, 441–46, 470, 482, 483, 486

creation of, 439–41

WikiWikiWeb, 434, 436

Wilkes, Maurice, 119, 120

Williams, Evan, 428–33, 435, 479–80

Williams, Frederic Calland, 119

Wilson, Woodrow, 132

Windows, 368–69, 370, 381

Winer, Dave, 429

Winograd, Terry, 455–56, 457–58

Wired, 303n, 420, 425

Wojcicki, Susan, 464

Wolfe, Tom, 157, 159, 193, 194, 270, 281

women:

as ENIAC programmers, 95–100, 117

math doctorates received by, 88

word processing, 2467

Wordsworth, William, 3

World Book Encyclopedia, 436–37, 442

World Health Organization, 388

World’s Fair (1939), 218

World War II, 72, 89, 138, 172

code breaking in, 76–79

science promoted by, 218–19

Z3 destroyed in, 54, 81

World Wide Web, 3, 405–65

Berner-Lee’s collaborative vision of, 413–14, 418, 433

initial creation of, 412–13

placed in public domain, 413, 436

profits from, 419, 420–21

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), 420–21

Wozniak, Steve, 134, 211, 333n, 341n, 344–47, 348, 349, 353, 355, 398, 407, 464, 483–84

Apple partnership share of, 352

Breakout work of, 348, 350

terminal designed by, 350–52

Xanadu, 410–11, 419

Xerox, 371

Xerox Alto, 291, 293

Xerox PARC, 133, 221, 278, 286–91, 292, 293–94, 308, 363–64, 365, 367, 388, 482

Ethernet invented at, 256

Xerox Star, 365

X Mosaic, 416

Yahoo!, 447–48, 449, 450, 462, 464–65, 481

Yang, Jerry, 447–48

YouTube, 436

Z1, 52

Z2, 53

Z3, 53–54, 80–81

Znaimer, Sam, 328–29

Zuckerberg, Mark, 391

Zuse, Konrad, 52–54, 57, 75, 80–81

influence of, 82, 85

Simon & Schuster

1230 Avenue of the Americas

New York, NY 10020

www.SimonandSchuster.com

Copyright © 2014 by Walter Isaacson

All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this book or portions there of in any form whatsoever. For information address Simon & Schuster Subsidiary Rights Department, 1230 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020.

First Simon & Schuster hardcover edition October 2014

SIMON & SCHUSTER and colophon are registered trademarks of Simon & Schuster, Inc.

Excerpts from “All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace” from The Pill Versus the Springhill Mine Disaster by Richard Brautigan. Copyright © 1968 by Richard Brautigan. Reproduced by permission of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.

The Simon & Schuster Speakers Bureau can bring authors to your live event. For more information or to book an event contact the Simon & Schuster Speakers Bureau at 1-866-248-3049 or visit our website at www.simonspeakers.com.

Photo research and editing by Laura Wyss, Wyssphoto, Inc., with the assistance of Elizabeth Seramur, Amy Hikida, and Emily Vinson, and by Jonathan Cox.

Interior design by Ruth Lee-Mui

Jacket design by Pete Garceau

Jacket art (from top to bottom):

Ada Lovelace by Margaret Carpenter/Hultpn Archive/Getty Images; Steve Jobs by Justin Sullivan /Stringer/Getty Images News; Bill Gates by Theo Wargo/WireImage for OMEGA /Getty Images; Alan Turing by Private Collection/Prismatic Pictures/Bridgeman Images; Author photo by Patrice Gilbert