Operation Nemesis: The Assassination Plot that Avenged the Armenian Genocide - Bogosian Eric - Страница 91

26. Ahmet T. Kuru and Alfred Stepan, eds., Democracy, Islam, and Secularism in Turkey (New York: Columbia University Press, 2012), p. 166.

27. The actual wording of the law is as follows:

Article 1. To anyone offending or insulting Ataturk’s memory, a sentence from one year to three years of prison should be applied.

To anyone breaking, destroying, or soiling statues, busts, and monuments representing Ataturk or Ataturk’s grave, a sentence from one year to five years in prison should be applied.

To anyone encouraging others to perform the above-mentioned crimes, the sentence will be the same as for the actual crime.

Article 2. For the crimes listed in Article 1: if the crimes are performed by two or more people in a collective fashion, or in public or in places open to the public or through the press, the sentence to be applied is augmented by half.

See Human Rights Watch website: http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/turkey/turkey993-09.htm.

CHAPTER 11: POST-ATATURK

1. Vahakn N. Dadrian and Taner Akcam, Judgment at Istanbul: The Armenian Genocide Trials (New York: Berghahn Books, 2001), p. 265.

2. Nicole Pope and Hugh Pope, Turkey Unveiled: A History of Modern Turkey (Woodstock, NY: Overlook Press, 1997), p. 76.

3. In April 1985 Lewis was one of sixty-nine scholars who co-signed a petition requesting Congress not to support a resolution condemning the Armenian Genocide. The petition was published in two-page ads in the New York Times and the Washington Post. In 1993 he made statements in France that resulted in a civil proceeding against him. See Yair Auron, The Banality of Denial: Israel and the Armenian Genocide (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2003), pp. 227, 228.

4. Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey, 3rd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 298.

5. Rifat N. Bali, The “Varlik Vergisi” Affair: A Study on Its Legacy with Selected Documents (Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2011), p. 47.

6. Ibid., p. 93.

7. Speros Vryonis Jr., The Mechanism of Catastrophe: The Turkish Pogrom of September 6–7, 1955, and the Destruction of the Greek Community of Istanbul (New York: Greekworks.com, 2005), p. xxvi.

8. For a more complex take on how the city changed, see Orhan Pamuk, Istanbul: Memories and the City, trans. Maureen Freely (New York: Vintage International, 2004).

9. Vasily Grossman, An Armenian Sketchbook, trans. Robert Chandler and Elizabeth Chandler (New York: New York Review of Books, 2013), p. 5.

10. See the 1990 documentary film by Zareh Tjeknavorian, Enemy of the People, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EV3H4YxdSfs&list=UU8mkGExJ3OEWkbaJ_dxr5OQ.

11. This motto of the Tashnag organization has been quoted many times. I’m quoting here from Levon Thomassian, Summer of ’42: A Study of German-Armenian Relations during the Second World War (Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing, 2012), p. 36.

12. Simon Payaslian, The History of Armenia (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), p. 179.

13. Yeghiayan and Arabyan, The Case of Misak Torlakian, p. x.

14. Author Lindy Avakian sent an inscribed copy of The Cross and the Crescent to Yanikian. Internal FBI report dated February 24, 1973; courtesy Christopher Gunn, who has obtained FBI and CIA reports on ASALA and other Armenian terrorist groups with a FOIA query.

15. Michael Bobelian, Children of Armenia: A Forgotten Genocide and the Century-Long Struggle for Justice (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2009).

16. Los Angeles Times, January 30, 1973.

17. One cell called itself the Shahan Natali Guerrilla Group (ASALA publication of interviews, 1982, courtesy Christopher Gunn). See also Markar Melkonian and Seta Melkonian, My Brother’s Road: An American’s Fateful Journey to Armenia (London: I. B. Tauris, 2007). Markar was the sibling of one of the more remarkable members of ASALA, Monte Melkonian, a young Armenian American from southern California who had embraced Armenian nationalism and moved to Lebanon to join the radical groups operating there. Monte Melkonian would commit violent acts and go to prison in France as a member of ASALA. As Monte’s brother Markar explained in the 2008 biography/memoir of his brother, Monte chastised himself after killing a young Turkish woman but continued to believe in the “cause.” In time he would break away from ASALA altogether and form a splinter group, the ASALA Revolutionary Movement. During the Armenian war with Azerbaijan in the 1990s, Monte Melkonian volunteered to fight, becoming an important military leader. In a battle that is still shrouded in controversy, he was gunned down in an ambush and died in Karabagh in 1993 at the age of thirty-five. He is revered as a national hero in Armenia.

18. See the CIA reports “Global Terrorism: The Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide,” September 1984 (GI 84-10148); and “The Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia: A Continuing International Threat,” January 1984 (GI 84-10008 and EUR 84-10004).

19. For a description of torture practices in modern Turkey, see Mehdi Zana, Prison No 5: Eleven Years in Turkish Jails (Watertown, MA: Blue Crane Books, 1997).

20. For the most complete discussion of Ergenekon, see Gareth H. Jenkins, “Between Fact and Fantasy: Turkey’s Ergenekon Investigation,” Silk Road Paper, Central Asia–Caucasus Institute Silk Road Studies Program, August 2009.

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Contents

Cover

Title Page

Welcome

Dedication

Introduction

Prologue

PART I

Chapter 1. The Rise of Empire

Chapter 2. Rushing Headlong into the Modern Era, 1800–1914

Chapter 3. Blood Flows

PART II

Chapter 4. Tehlirian Goes to War

Chapter 5. The Debt

Chapter 6. The Hunt

Chapter 7. The Trial

Chapter 8. The Big Picture

PART III

Chapter 9. The Work Continues

Chapter 10. Aftermath and Ataturk

Chapter 11. Post-Ataturk

Postscript

Photos

Acknowledgments

About the Author

Also by Eric Bogosian

A Short Glossary of Names and Terms

A Note on Language

Bibliography

Notes

Newsletters

Copyright

Copyright

Copyright © 2015 by Ararat Productions, Inc.

Cover design by Allison J. Warner

Cover photographs of Constantinople and Mehmet Talat Pasha (middle) © Granger, NYC; Djemal Pasha (top) © Underwood Archives / Getty Images; Behaeddin Shakir (bottom) public domain

Cover copyright © 2015 by Hachette Book Group, Inc.

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