The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolutio - Isaacson Walter - Страница 151

Apple partnership share of, 352

Atari job of, 347–48, 350

audaciousness celebrated by, 163

bitmapping praised by, 365

Breakout work of, 348, 350

circuitboard sales plan of, 351–52

creativity of, 486–87

Gates’s dispute with, 368–69

IBM PC studied by, 362–63

ousted from Apple, 411, 485

paranoia of, 367–68

personal computer idea of, 352–53

Pixar headquarters designed by, 480–81

Johnson, Clifton, 282

Johnson, Edward “Ned,” III, 189n

Johnson, Lyndon, 278

Johnson, Steven, 483

junction transistor, 150

patent for, 153

Justin’s Links from the Underground, 423–25

J. Walter Thompson advertising, 395

Kahn, Robert, 239, 252, 256–57, 258, 403

Internet created by, 258–59

Kapor, Mitch, 431

Kasparov, Garry, 470, 476

Kay, Alan, 207, 208, 278, 281–86, 308, 363–64, 367, 449, 480

Dynabook proposed by, 288–91, 292

personal computers foreseen by, 284–85, 286, 287–88

recruited to PARC, 287–88

Kay, Michael, 296

Kaypro, 395

Kelly, John E., III, 471, 475

Kelly, Mervin, 133–34, 137, 139, 146, 152–53

Kelvin, Lord, 37

Kennedy, John F., 181, 182

Kennedy, Robert, 278

Kennedy, Ted, 252

Kern County Land Co., 187

Kesey, Ken, 262, 266, 269, 270, 281, 296, 388

Kilburn, Thomas, 119

Kilby, Jack, 170, 171–74, 176, 306, 353

calculator development and, 182–83, 196

Nobel Prize won by, 173, 180–81

resistor desinged by, 173, 177

solid circuit of, 173–74

Kilby v. Noyce, 178–79

Kildall, Gary, 357–58

Killian, James, 229

Kimsey, Jim, 396–97, 400

King, Martin Luther, 278

King, William, 15

Kissinger, Henry, 2, 294, 346

Kleiner, Eugene, 162, 167

Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, 393, 464

Kleinrock, Leonard, 239, 243–44, 251, 252, 253, 255, 393, 402

background of, 242–43

on nuclear survivability, 250

packet switching and, 244–46

Kline, Charley, 255–56

K-Model, 49, 80

Knox, Dillwyn “Dilly,” 77

Kotok, Alan, 205, 207

Kovitz, Ben, 439–41

Kubrick, Stanley, 311, 468

Kun, Bela, 102

Kunz, Paul, 415

Kurzweil, Ray, 474

Lakeside Mothers Club, 316, 322

Lakeside Programming Group, 318–27

Lamb, Lady Caroline, 10, 15

Lampson, Butler, 291, 363

Land, Edwin, 5, 154

Landweber, Lawrence, 383

Lanier, Jaron, 419

Larson, Chris, 337

Larson, Earl, 83–84

Last, Jay, 162, 163, 165

learning, 122, 126–27, 226

Leary, Timothy, 267

Leibniz, Gottfried, 19, 20, 33, 38, 90

Leibniz wheel, 20

Leicester Polytechnic, 414

Leigh, Augusta, 10–11

Leigh, Medora, 16, 31

Lensman (Smith), 205

Leonardo da Vinci, 72, 452, 474

Levy, Steven, 202, 298, 460–61, 504

Lewis, Harry, 330

Li, Yanhong (Robin), 461

“Libraries of the Future” (Licklider), 227–28, 231, 232

Library of Congress, 120

Lichterman, Ruth, 97–98

Licklider, J. C. R, 216, 221–24, 226, 233, 234, 244, 251, 269, 385, 474, 475, 480, 481, 482, 486

art loved by, 223–24

Command and Control Research lead by, 229

on human-machine interaction, 225–26, 227–28, 229, 231, 232, 302, 363, 384, 401, 455, 464, 475, 478–79

online communities and, 261

time-sharing developed by, 224–26, 229

Licklider, Tracy, 223

Lilienfeld, Julius, 146

LINC, 236

Lincoln Laboratory, 221, 225, 233, 234, 236

linear equations, 52–53, 59–60, 61, 67, 81

linear model of innovation, 220–21

Linux, 375–76, 378, 379, 380–81

Lipkin, Efrem, 301, 302, 310

Lisa, 365–66

LISP, 203–4

Lockheed, 265

Lockheed Missiles and Space Division, 155

logarithms, 19, 20, 55

logic, 123

Logical Computing Machine, see Turing Machine (Logical Computing Machine)

logic gates, 48–49

LOGO, 284

London Mathematical Society, 123

Loop, Liza, 265

Lord Emsworth, 445

Lord of the Rings (Tolkien), 257

Los Alamos, 103, 110, 112

Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce, 154

Lotus, 431

Lovelace, Annabella, 16

Lovelace, Ralph, 16

Loving Grace Cybernetics, 303

Lowe, Bill, 356

LSD, 266, 267, 268–69, 271, 278, 300

Ludd, Ned, 9

Luddites, 9, 14, 487

Lukasik, Stephen, 248–49, 385

Lycos, 227

Lyon, Matthew, 260

McCarthy, John, 202, 203–4, 224, 236, 281, 285

AI conference organized by, 468

time-sharing developed by, 224–26

McGuinn, Roger, 152

machines, thinking by, 49, 115, 202–3

AI and, 474–79

Lovelace’s doubts about, 8, 12, 29, 122, 123, 126, 467–68, 475, 478

Turing on, 29, 42, 122–29, 468, 485

Macintosh, 349, 353, 370, 381, 414

McKenna, Regis, 166

McKenzie, Alex, Kleinrock criticized by, 245

McLuhan, Marshall, 267, 269

McNulty, Kay, 28, 97–98, 99, 117

McQueeney, David, 477

Madison, James, 481

madrigals, 189

Magnavox Odyssey, 211, 215

Mailgram, 391n

Malone, Michael, 166–67, 192

Manchester Mark I, 120

Manchester University, 119–20

“Man-Computer Symbiosis” (Licklider), 226, 276, 475, 478–79

Mandel, Tom, 390, 421

Manhattan Project, 219, 225

Mansfield, Mike, 248

Manutius, Aldus, 284

Mark I, 2, 51–52, 81, 89–90, 92–94

bomb calculations done on, 104

Hopper’s history of, 90, 91

operation of, 92–93

speed of, 94, 105

Mark II, 93–94

Markoff, John, 267, 281, 341n, 422

Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, The (von Neumann), 42

Matsumoto, Craig, 180

Mauchly, Jimmy, 66

Mauchly, John, 62–70, 69, 72, 73, 74–75, 81, 82, 88, 92, 94, 97, 104, 105, 110, 113, 119, 134, 137, 211, 238, 481

ENIAC public display and, 115

female programmers aided by, 99

McNulty married by, 117

patents sought by, 116, 177

patent trial of, 67, 82–84

and storage of programs in ENIAC, 100–101, 106

von Neumann accused of stealing ideas by, 111–12

Mauchly, Kay McNulty, see McNulty, Kay

Mayer, Marissa, 481

Mazor, Stan, 197

mechanization, 33

“Meetings with von Neumann,” 106–7

Melbourne, Viscount, 15

Meltzer, Marlyn Wescoff, see Wescoff, Marlyn

memex, 263–64, 273, 276, 409

memory, 56, 58

programs stored in, 87, 107–8

memory unit:

on Atenoff’s device, 61, 66–67

on Z1, 53

Menabrea, Luigi, 24–26

mercury delay lines, 119

Merholz, Peter, 427

Merlin, 19

Merry Pranksters, 266, 269, 270, 296

Merton, Robert, 439

message switching, 238

Metcalfe, Bob, 256, 364

Metropolis, Nick, 119

Michie, Donald, 123

microchips, 9, 35, 39, 170, 171–99, 201, 467, 473

dispute over invention of, 178–80

initial sales of, 181–85

Noyce’s version of, 174–76, 178–80

number of transistors in, 184

Micropayments Markup Working Group, 421

microprocessors, 196–99, 256, 264, 305, 350, 351

Microsoft, 197, 312, 338–43, 361, 414, 434, 482

Apple’s contract with, 367–69

creation of, 337–38

operating system of, 357–62, 368–69

Milbanke, Annabella, see Byron, Lady

Milhon, Jude (St. Jude), 301, 302

military, ballistic missiles of, 169

military-industrial-academic complex, 217, 220–21, 263, 482

Miller, Herman, 280

Millikan, Robert, 133

Mills, Thomas, 70

Mims, Forrest, 305, 306

Mind, 124

Mining Data at Stanford (MIDAS), 456

MINIX, 374, 376

Minsky, Marvin, 202–3, 205, 206, 226, 235–36, 284, 468

Minskytron, 205, 206