The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolutio - Isaacson Walter - Страница 152

Minuteman II, 181, 182

Miracle Month, 142–45

MIT, 34, 38, 40, 47, 68, 156, 157, 200, 217, 222, 271, 336–37, 370, 371, 372, 472, 483

MITS (Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems), 306, 308–9, 310, 311, 332, 335

MKUltra, 266

Model K, 49, 80

modems, 3, 386–87

moon landing, 35, 182

Moore, Betty, 162

Moore, Fred, 294–95, 296–97, 304

Moore, Gordon, 130, 158, 161–62, 163, 164, 170, 176, 191, 192, 257, 347, 350, 481

corporate culture and, 484–85

Intel founding and, 187–88

as nonauthoritarian, 189–90

on Noyce’s leadership skills, 194

and Shockley’s replacement, 165, 166, 167

Moore School Lectures, 118–19

Moore’s Law, 183–85, 198, 201, 284, 291, 326

Moravec, Hans, 472

Morcom, Christopher, 41, 42

Mosaic, 415–18, 420, 422, 433, 452

“Mother of All Demos, The,” 273–74, 278, 279, 280–82, 283, 294, 308, 354, 388

Motwani, Rajeev, 454

mouse, 276–78, 279, 363

MS-DOS, 360, 374

Mumford, Lewis, 267

Munzner, Tamara, 453–54

Murray, Arnold, 129

music, 26, 27, 467

MySpace, 436

Myth of the Machine, The (Mumford), 267

NASA, 231, 271, 274, 299

NASA Ames Research Center, 155

National Center for Atmospheric Research, 283

National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA), 415–16, 417

National Defense Research Committee, 51, 219

National Information Infrastructure Act (1993), 402

National Physical Laboratory, 120, 124, 237, 246

National Science Foundation, 220, 249, 383, 402, 453

National Semiconductor, 343

Navy, U.S., 469

Nelson, Ted, 410–11, 418–19, 456

Netscape, 208

networks, 243, 482

data blocks in, 240–41

distributed, 240, 246, 250, 253

lack of centralization in, 235, 240, 250

packet switched, 238, 244–46, 247, 249

Network Working Group, 254

Neumann, Max, 101

neural networks, 203

neurons, 473

Newman, Max, 44, 46, 78, 81, 82, 119, 120, 128, 129

newsgroups, 386

Newton, Isaac, 19

New Yorker, 469

New York Times, 115, 149, 245, 422, 458, 469, 473, 479–80

New York World’s Fair (1939), 64, 67, 68

NeXT, 411, 414

Nishi, Kay, 359

Nixon, Richard, 278, 280

NM Electronics, 188

noncomputable numbers, 45

North Carolina, University of, 386

Norton, Larry, 478

Norvig, Peter, 473

Nova, 209, 291

Novack, Ken, 397

Noyce, Robert, 130, 157, 158, 159–61, 163, 166, 167, 170, 347, 353, 391, 481, 502–3

corporate culture and, 189–90, 191, 192, 193–95, 234, 479, 481, 484–85

Fairchild resignation of, 184–85

Intel employees empowered by, 193–95

Intel money raised by, 187–88

Intel’s organization chart drawn by, 193

microchip of, 174–76, 178–80

microprocessor and, 196–97

in patent lawsuit, 178–79

planar process and, 175–76

resistor designed by, 173

as Shockley’s replacement, 167

on synergy, 183

n-p-n junction architecture, 150

NSFNET, 383

n-type, 147

Nuance Communications, 472

nuclear weapons, 250–51

Internet and, 247–51

Nupedia, 438–39, 441, 442

Nutting, Bill, 209

Nutting Associates, 209, 210, 215

Obama, Barack, 484

Office of Defense Mobilization, 228–29

Office of Scientific Research, 219

Ohm’s Law, 97

oil, 183

Olsen, Ken, 264

Olson, Judith, 449–50

“On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem“ (Turing), 46–47, 76

On Distributed Communications (Baran), 241–42

One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (Kesey), 266

online communities, 261

oNLine System (NLS), 278, 281, 283, 284, 293, 354

On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences (Somerville), 14

Opel, John, 361

open architecture, 482, 483

OpenOffice, 483

open-sourcing, 261, 370–81

Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth (Fuller), 294

operating systems, 357–62

open-source, 372–81

operations, 26–27

Ordnance Department, U.S. Army, 72, 73

O’Reilly, Tim, 432, 446

O’Reilly Media, 428–29, 431

oscillators, 173–74

Osculometer, 71

Packard, Dave, 156, 189, 464

packets, 242

packet switching, 238, 247, 249, 256, 258, 482

Kleinrock’s taking credit for, 244–46

Page, Carl, 449

Page, Larry, 435, 448–51, 452, 453–56, 485

Google founded by, 458, 460, 462–64

hypertext limitations and, 456–57

PageRank and, 458–62

Web crawler of, 457–58

PageRank, 458–62

Palevsky, Max, 188

Palo Alto Community Center, 273

Papadimitriou, Christos, 330

Papert, Seymour, 284

PARC Universal Packet, 293

Pascal, Blaise, 19–20, 22, 33, 90

Patent and Trademark Office, U.S., 120, 121n, 179

patents, 121, 215

tension over, 176–77

Paterson, Tim, 358–59

Pathfinder, 420, 421

PC, 362

PC-DOS, 360

PC-Link, 399

PDP-1 computer, 203, 205, 207, 208, 209, 329

PDP-8, 264, 297

PDP-10, 319–22, 325, 329, 333, 334, 336

PDP-11, 371

peace movement, 248, 261, 265, 266–67, 295

peer-to-peer connections, 260–61, 378

Pellow, Nicola, 414–15

Pendery, Don, 288

Pennsylvania, University of, 28, 38, 65, 68, 71, 72–73, 82, 94, 95, 96–97, 108, 110, 112, 113, 115, 118–19, 481

Pennywhistle, 387

People Connection, 398

People’s Computer Center, 304

People’s Computer Company, 310, 372

PepsiCo, 395

Perceptron, 469, 473

Perlman, Radia, 251

“Personal Computer for Children of All Ages, A,” 289

personal computers, 263–304

Gates’s belief in future of, 329–30

IBM vs. Apple, 362–63

Internet and, 4

Jobs’s idea for, 352–53

Kay’s prediction of, 284–85, 286, 287–88

software for, 335

technology needed for, 261, 264–68

Philco, 157, 193

Philips, Thomas, 15–16

phone circuits, 54

phone signals, 50

photovoltaic effect, 142–44

Physics and Technology of Semiconductor Devices (Grove), 191

PicoSpan, 388–89

Pierce, John, 148

Pinker, Steven, 472

Pitts, Bill, 209–10, 215

Pixar, 208, 481

planar process, 174–78

planimeter, 37

plutonium-239, 103

p-n junction, 173

PNP transistor, 153

Poggio, Tomaso, 471

Polaris, 181

Pong, 211–15, 329, 347, 348

Popular Electronics, 306, 307, 308–9, 313, 314, 332, 350

Post Office Research Station, 78, 79

Practice of Management, The (Drucker), 192

Presley, Elvis, 152

Princeton University, 40, 77–78, 104

printing press, 4

private enterprise, 482–83, 484

PRNET, 256, 257, 258

Processor Technology, 353

Procter & Gamble, 395, 399

Prodigy, 399, 400, 419

programming, 87–129, 478

as Babbage’s conceptual leap, 33

of ENIAC, 95–100

Lovelace’s exploration of, 25–26, 27–29, 88, 90, 478

as true value of computers, 117–18

von Neumann’s work on, 107–8

on Z1, 53

“Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection, A” (Kahn and Cerf), 259

p-type, 147

punch cards, 3, 14, 23, 26, 28, 33, 35, 267, 345, 394, 478, 481, 484, 487

Pyra Labs, 429, 430

QDOS, 358–59

Q-Link, 398

Qualcomm, 473

Quantum, 398

Quantum 2000, 399

quantum physics, 42, 45, 134–35

queuing theory, 243

QuickWeb, 434

radar, 72, 273

radio, 39

transistors for, 149–52

Railway Express Agency, 309

Ralls, John, 175

Ram Dass, 388

RAND Corporation, 221, 237, 238, 241, 244, 246, 247, 249

RankDex, 461